Advances in Triticale (X Triticosecale) Improvement: Chromosome Manipulation and Biotechnological Approaches

Triticale (X Triticosecale) is a hybrid cereal crop with great potential for enhancing food security. It is a synthetic cereal. Meanwhile, certain genetic instabilities arising from the merging of the rye and wheat genomes have impeded the advancement of triticale, chromosome engineering advancements along with biotechnological approaches might potentially unleash the full potential of triticale. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the historical development and current status of research on conventional and molecular breeding and manipulating triticale chromosomes in order to introduce beneficial traits, correct genetic abnormalities, and accelerate breeding. Among the major strategies covered are chromosomal doubling, addition, replacement, translocation, and deletion. Beneficial genes from rye for quality of grain, yield, and disease resistance were incorporated into triticale backgrounds using addition and replacement lines. In general, using chromosome-modifying technologies within an integrated breeding framework may help with genetic stabilization, the planned evolution of triticale for greater productivity and robustness, and strategic trait integration. This study looks at the advantages, disadvantages, and potential benefits of using chromosomal engineering to enhance triticales.